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Ó Creachmhaoil is an Irish surname, often anglicised as Craughwell, Crockwell, and Crowell. It was largely unknown outside of the south-east of County Galway, where the village of Creachmhaoil is also found, until the latter end of the 19th century when emigres established branches of the family which still thrive in Newfoundland, Bermuda,〔(A Bermuda Family Tree: Crockwell )〕 Cornwall, Ohio and Berkshire County, Massachusetts, among other places. The surname was found in Barbados in the 19th Century, having evidently arrived in the 17th Century (probably as part of the involuntary Irish immigration to Barbados that followed the Cromwellian invasion of Ireland),〔(Global Irish: ''Government to help Irish in Barbados?'' )〕 but is now extinct there, possibly as a result of re-emigration (the Crockwells of Bermuda descend from a single white Barbadian who settled there in the 19th Century). Documentation on the origin of the surname is not recorded, but it is doubtless connected to the village. ''Ó'', in Irish surnames, indicates a grandson or descendant of the person whose given name it precedes (as in ''Ó Briain'': ''grandson of Brian''). Creachmhaoil is not used as a given name in Ireland, and is actually a toponym, composed of two Gaelic words. ''Creach'', which is related to ''craig'', and ''creag'', and the English word ''crag'', refers to a rock (with which word it rhymes), or the bare rock crest of a hill (related words are ''cruach'', for a mountain, pinnacle, or a rounded hill that stands apart...or for any type of pile, or heap, and 'cnoc', for a hill or eminence). An alternate etymology of ''creach'' is ''plunder'', presumably in reference to herds of cattle, which were often targets of thefts and cattle raids amongst the Gaels. The usual Gaelic word for cattle is ''crodh'', often Anglicised in place-names as ''crow'', although the words ''cro'', ''crocharsach'', and ''crò'' are all connected with sheep, sheep enclosures or meadows. A ''maol'' is a round-shaped hill or mountain, bare of trees. It is anglicised as ''mull'', and is common in Irish and Scottish place names such as the Mull of Kintyre. Gaelic spelling rules require that maol, following creach, be lenited; that is, an h is inserted after the first letter, providing the first letter is a consonant (and not an ''l'', ''n'', or ''r''). This h makes the preceding consonant silent, or changes its sound (''mh'', or ''bh'', for instance, are silent or sound like an English ''v'' or ''w''). Gaelic spelling rules also require that, with the first letter lenited, the last vowel should be slender (an ''i'', or an ''e''). As both vowels in maol are broad (''a'', ''o'', ''u''), an ''i'' is inserted after. These two changes alter the sound of ''maol'' (rhymes with ''mull'') to ''mhaoil'' (rhymes with ''uell'', or ''well''). The sound of the two word together, therefore, sounds to an English ear like ''Crockwell'', or ''Craughwell'', and it is Anglicised thus (the Gaelic personal names ''Seán'' (John) and ''Seamus'' (James) became ''Iain'' and ''Hamish'' in Scotland by similar means). The complete toponym is used, today, to connote the village in Galway, but presumably was adopted from a nearby hill. The village is too small to have been known far afield, and the surname is largely restricted in Ireland to County Galway. ''Ó Creachmhaoil'', therefore, is presumably a Toponymic surname adopted by villagers from Creachmhaoil upon their moving to other parts of Galway. Notable bearers of the name include American painter Douglass Crockwell,〔(American Art Archives: Douglass Crockwell (1904 - 1968) )〕 Irish Senator Gerard Crockwell〔(Website of Senator Gerard Crockwell )〕 of the Seanad Éireann, Bermudian parliamentarian Shawn Crockwell, JP, MP,〔(One Bermuda Alliance: Shawn Crockwell, JP, MP )〕 FIFA-certified Bermudian football referee, Carlyle McNeil Eugene Crockwell,〔(''Tributes to former top referee Crockwell'', by Colin Thompson. The Royal Gazette. 29 June, 2015 )〕 Bermudian footballer Mikkail Kristopher Crockwell,〔(Thomas College: Mikkail Crockwell )〕 Bermudian cricketer Fiqre Crockwell, English cricketer Leslie Crockwell, Guinness World Record holding rower Matthew Craughwell, Newfoundland-born author Marion Anderson (born Marion Crockwell)〔(The Telegraph obituaries )〕 and American author Thomas J. Craughwell.〔(The Huffington Post: Thomas J. Craughwell )〕 ==External links== * (Douglass Crockwell ) * (1900 Massachusetts Census, Berkshire County, City of Adams ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ó Creachmhaoil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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